Turning something off is more likely to cause problems than turning it on. All my problems happened when the bandsaw turned off and when the fridge compressor turned off. It's the arcing in the contacts, most likely -- sparks are a great way to generate broad-spectrum RF energy. In fact, the first radio transmitters were spark-gap generators.
Try one of those split ferrite chokes on your power supply cables.
I eventually solved my similar problem by doing three things:
- Ferrite core on the USB cable, three turns;
- Connected printer GND (V- of 24 V supply and digital GND) to earth;
- Used a separate USB-to-serial converter (cheap CP1201 based Chinese board, but Pololu also sell one) and two 6N137 optoisolators.
The first two changes each helped but did not completely solve the problem. I kept them, but I suspect they are redundant now that I have optical isolation.